U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Datums Page Page 1 of 6 Station ID: 9491253 PUBLICATION DATE: 05/12/2004 Name: KIVALINA AK NOAA Chart: 16005 Latitude: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) USGS Quad: NOATAK (C-5) Longitude: 164° 35.5' W (-164.59200) To reach the tidal bench marks from the Kivalina airport, proceed 0.4 km (0.25 mi) SE along the Chukohi Sea beach to the SW wall of the McQueen school. The bubbler tide gauges were mounted inside the north arctic entry way of the Kivalina school principal's house which is near the SW corner of the McQueen school and is perpendicular to the school. The bench marks are located along the Chukchi Sea beach and along Bering Street. T I D A L B E N C H M A R K S PRIMARY BENCH MARK STAMPING: DESIGNATION: 949 1253 E ALIAS: 1253 E 1984 MONUMENTATION: Metal Rod VM#: 13576 AGENCY: Unknown IDB PID#: SETTING CLASSIFICATION: Stainless steel rod OPUS PID#: BBBH52 LATITUDE: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) LONGITUDE: 164° 32.4' W (-164.54000) The primary bench mark is located 28.59 m (93.8 ft) ESE (110 magnetic) of bench mark WCMC C4 S2248 C7 S5582 1971 1987, 21 m (69 ft) SSE (159 magnetic) of the west corner of the new fuel farm fence corner, 13.1 m (43.0 ft) WSW (240 magnetic) of the SE corner of the new fuel farm fence corner, and 8 m (26 ft) east of the cenrterline of an ATV trail. The bench mark is set 0.11 m (0.7 ft) below the top of the PVC pipe, being the top of a stainless steel rod driven 13.1 m (43 ft), and encased in a 0.125 m (0.4 ft) diameter x 0.11 m (0.4 ft) high black PVC pipe.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Page 2 of 6 Station ID: 9491253 PUBLICATION DATE: 05/12/2004 Name: KIVALINA AK NOAA Chart: 16005 Latitude: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) USGS Quad: NOATAK (C-5) Longitude: 164° 35.5' W (-164.59200) T I D A L B E N C H M A R K S BENCH MARK STAMPING: DESIGNATION: 949 1253 B ALIAS: 1253 B 1984 MONUMENTATION: Metal Rod VM#: 13573 AGENCY: Unknown IDB PID#: SETTING CLASSIFICATION: Stainless steel rod OPUS PID: LATITUDE: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) LONGITUDE: 164° 32.3' W (-164.53800) The bench mark is located 19.65 m (64.5 ft) ESE (110 magnetic) of the side of a power pole, and 3.9 m (12.8 ft) SE (140 magnetic) of the centerline of a NE-SW running dirt road leading to the beach. The bench mark is set 2 cm (0.1 ft) above the ground, being the top of a stainless steel rod driven 12.5 m (51 ft), and encased in a 0.125 m (0.4 ft) diameter black PVC pipe. BENCH MARK STAMPING: DESIGNATION: 949 1253 D ALIAS: 1253 D 1984 MONUMENTATION: Metal Rod VM#: 13575 AGENCY: Unknown IDB PID#: SETTING CLASSIFICATION: Stainless steel rod OPUS PID: LATITUDE: 67° 43.5' N ( 67.72500) LONGITUDE: 164° 32.1' W (-164.53500) The bench mark is located 40.81 m (133.9 ft) WNW (300 magnetic) of bench mark WCMC C4 S2246 C7 S5582 1971 1987, 25.9 m (85.0 ft) SW (230 magnetic) of the SW corner of the southern-most teacher housing buildings, 24.65 m (80.9 ft) SSE (152 magnetic) from a telephone pole, 17 m (56 ft) east of the vegetation - beach line, and 4.21 m (13.8 ft) SW (224 magnetic) of a wind generator. The bench mark is set 0.18 m (0.6 ft) below the top of the PVC pipe, being the top of a stainless steel rod driven 10 m (33 ft), and encased in a 0.125 m (0.4 ft) diameter x 0.17 m (0.6 ft) high black PVC pipe.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Page 3 of 6 Station ID: 9491253 PUBLICATION DATE: 05/12/2004 Name: KIVALINA AK NOAA Chart: 16005 Latitude: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) USGS Quad: NOATAK (C-5) Longitude: 164° 35.5' W (-164.59200) T I D A L B E N C H M A R K S BENCH MARK STAMPING: DESIGNATION: 949 1253 G ALIAS: 1253 G 2003 MONUMENTATION: Metal Rod VM#: 17430 AGENCY: National Ocean Service (NOS) IDB PID#: SETTING CLASSIFICATION: Stainless steel rod OPUS PID: LATITUDE: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) LONGITUDE: 164° 32.4' W (-164.54000) The bench mark is located 19.35 m (63.5 ft) NE (63 magnetic) of the SE corner of the Post Office, 10.25 m (33.6 ft) from the NE corner of the Post Office and inline with the north wall, 2.59 m (8.5 ft) east of a power pole, and 1.31 m (4.3 ft) west of a power pole. The bench mark is set 2 cm (0.1 ft) below grade, being the top of a rounded off stainless steel rod with punch mark, driven 5.0 m (17 ft) to refusal, and encased in a 0.18 m (0.6 ft) diameter NGS Geodetic Control Mark logo cover. BENCH MARK STAMPING: C1 S2246 C8 S5582 1971 1987 DESIGNATION: 949 1253 BLM C1C8 MONUMENTATION: Survey disk VM#: 17431 AGENCY: Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management IDB PID#: SETTING CLASSIFICATION: Metal post OPUS PID: LATITUDE: 67° 43.5' N ( 67.72500) LONGITUDE: 164° 32.0' W (-164.53300) The bench mark is a disk attached to a metal post, 59.19 m (194.2 ft) NE (40 magnetic) of bench mark WCMC C4 S2248 C7 S5582 1971 1987, 20.60 m (67.6 ft) east of the east corner of the old fuel farm fence corner, 13.29 m (43.6 ft) SE (135 magnetic) of a power pole, 11.40 m (37.4 ft) SSW (210 magnetic) of the SW corner of a red house, 4.51 m (14.8 ft) north of the north corner of the fuel dispensing building, and flush with the ground.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Page 4 of 6 Station ID: 9491253 PUBLICATION DATE: 05/12/2004 Name: KIVALINA AK NOAA Chart: 16005 Latitude: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) USGS Quad: NOATAK (C-5) Longitude: 164° 35.5' W (-164.59200) T I D A L B E N C H M A R K S BENCH MARK STAMPING: WCMC C4 S2246 C7 S5582 1971 1987 DESIGNATION: 949 1253 BLM C4C7 MONUMENTATION: Survey disk VM#: 17432 AGENCY: Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management IDB PID#: SETTING CLASSIFICATION: Metal post OPUS PID: LATITUDE: 67° 43.5' N ( 67.72500) LONGITUDE: 164° 32.0' W (-164.53300) The bench mark is a disk attached to a metal post, 59.19 m (194.2 ft) SW (220 magnetic) of bench mark C1 S2248 C8 S5582 1971 1987, 40.81 m (133.9 ft) ESE (120 magnetic) of bench mark 949 1253 D, 30.21 m (99.1 ft) SSW (200 magnetic) of the SE corner of the old fuel farm fence corner, 28.59 m (93.8 ft) west (280 magnetic) of bench mark 949 1243 E, 25.82 m (84.7 ft) WSW (240 magnetic) of the west corner of the new fuel tank farm fence, 22.49 m ((73.8 ft) east of the vegetation and beach line, and flush with the ground.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Page 5 of 6 Station ID: 9491253 PUBLICATION DATE: 05/12/2004 Name: KIVALINA AK NOAA Chart: 16005 Latitude: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) USGS Quad: NOATAK (C-5) Longitude: 164° 35.5' W (-164.59200) T I D A L D A T U M S Tidal datums at KIVALINA based on: LENGTH OF SERIES: 1 YEAR TIME PERIOD: October 1985 - September 1986 TIDAL EPOCH: CONTROL TIDE STATION: Elevations of tidal datums referred to Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW), in METERS: HIGHEST OBSERVED WATER LEVEL (11/10/1985) = 1.268 MEAN HIGHER HIGH WATER MHHW = 0.275 MEAN HIGH WATER MHW = 0.234 MEAN SEA LEVEL MSL = 0.134 MEAN TIDE LEVEL MTL = 0.132 MEAN LOW WATER MLW = 0.029 MEAN LOWER LOW WATER MLLW = 0.000 LOWEST OBSERVED WATER LEVEL (12/19/1985) = -0.951 North American Vertical Datum (NAVD88) Bench Mark Elevation Information In METERS above: Stamping or Designation MLLW MHW 949 1253 E 3.846 3.612 949 1253 B 3.560 3.326 949 1253 D 3.407 3.173 949 1253 G 4.166 3.932 C1 S2246 C8 S5582 1971 1987 3.251 3.017 WCMC C4 S2246 C7 S5582 1971 1987 3.753 3.519 Foot Notes: Tidal Datums for Kivalina, located in northwest Alaska, are based on an average from one year of data. There is not an adequate control station in the region for referencing the tidal datums to a 19 year, National Tidal Datum Epoch (NTDE).
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Page 6 of 6 Station ID: 9491253 PUBLICATION DATE: 05/12/2004 Name: KIVALINA AK NOAA Chart: 16005 Latitude: 67° 43.6' N ( 67.72670) USGS Quad: NOATAK (C-5) Longitude: 164° 35.5' W (-164.59200) D E F I N I T I O N S Mean Sea Level (MSL) is a tidal datum determined over a 19-year National Tidal Datum Epoch. It pertains to local mean sea level and should not be confused with the fixed datums of North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). NAVD88 is a fixed datum derived from a simultaneous, least squares, minimum constraint adjustment of Canadian/Mexican/United States leveling observations. Local mean sea level observed at Father Point/Rimouski, Canada was held fixed as the single initial constraint. NAVD88 replaces NGVD29 as the national standard geodetic reference for heights. Bench mark elevations relative to NAVD88 are available from NGS through the World Wide Web at National Geodetic Survey. NGVD29 is a fixed datum adopted as a national standard geodetic reference for heights but is now considered superseded. NGVD29 is sometimes referred to as Sea Level Datum of 1929 or as Mean Sea Level on some early issues of Geological Survey Topographic Quads. NGVD29 was originally derived from a general adjustment of the first-order leveling networks of the U.S. and Canada after holding mean sea level observed at 26 long term tide stations as fixed. Numerous local and wide-spread adjustments have been made since establishment in 1929. Bench mark elevations relative to NGVD29 are available from the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) data base via the World Wide Web at National Geodetic Survey. NAVD88 and NGVD29 are fixed geodetic datums whose elevation relationships to local MSL and other tidal datums may not be consistent from one location to another. The Vertical Mark Number (VM#) and PID# shown on the bench mark sheet are unique identifiers for bench marks in the tidal and geodetic databases, respectively. Each bench mark in either database has a single, unique VM# and/or PID# assigned. Where both VM# and PID# are indicated, both tidal and geodetic elevations are available for the bench mark listed. The NGS's Integrated Data Base (IDB PID) provides geodetic datum based on traditionally leveled and bluebooked ties to the National Spatial Reference System(NSRS) https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/datasheets/. The NGS Online Positioning User Service (OPUS PID) provides geodetic datum based on GPS position & tie it to the NSRS https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/OPUS/. The NAVD88 elevation is shown on the Elevations of Tidal Datums Table Referred to MLLW only when two or more of the bench marks listed have NAVD88 elevations. The NAVD88 elevation relationship shown in the table is derived from an average of several bench mark elevations relative to tide station datum. As a result of this averaging, NAVD88 bench mark elevations computed indirectly from the tidal datums elevation table may differ slightly from NAVD88 elevations listed for each bench mark in the NGS database.